A house can be built using tightly packed straw bales instead of conventional wall materials. Properly protected and plastered, these walls can provide both structural support and insulation.
A lighthouse can make its light visible much farther away without increasing the power of its lamp. French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel developed special lenses that concentrate light into powerful beams.
Before refrigerators became commonplace, people were already experimenting with preserving food using natural winter cold. Modern commercial frozen-food technology developed through several inventors, with Clarence Birdseye playing a particularly important role.
A touchscreen doesn’t necessarily need to detect pressure to know where you’ve touched it. Capacitive screens can locate your finger by detecting changes in an electrical field.
In traditional Persian architecture, entire ceilings and walls can be covered with thousands of carefully cut mirror pieces. The craft, called Ayeneh-Kari, turns ordinary interior surfaces into intricate geometric reflections.
Some of Australia’s “river valleys” were never carved by rivers. They formed when enormous cave systems collapsed deep underground, leaving depressions stretching over 20 kilometres.
A river can use hard rocks to wear away softer rock like sandpaper. The fragments carried downstream can be more important to erosion than the hardness of the riverbed itself.
A study of 2,000 buried pairs of cotton underwear turned soil health into something you could see. The fabric decomposed fastest in private gardens and slowest in lawns.
A full drinks can doesn’t crumple like an empty one. Under pressure, it forms a surprisingly orderly sequence of evenly spaced rings, one buckle after another.
Paper-making waste can become a useful chemical using tiny water droplets and sound waves. A laboratory process converted about 56% of a difficult-to-break plant polymer in just 20 minutes at room temperature.
The same scientific dataset can produce different conclusions depending on who analyses it. In one major project, 457 researchers reanalysed 100 studies and reached the original authors’ conclusions in only about one-third of cases.
Addis Ababa has an enormous recycling system that operates largely outside formal infrastructure. Research found that self-organised networks of waste workers and traders support more than 300,000 people.
The world may once have had tens of thousands more languages than it does today. Research suggests language diversity peaked roughly 1,000–3,000 years ago, before expanding states and empires accelerated its decline.
The Mercator world map can make countries near the poles appear 2–14 times larger than they really are. The UN has endorsed a different projection that represents the relative sizes of continents more fairly.