A HEPA filter isn’t a sieve – it’s a dense web of fibers that traps particles as they hit, brush against, or zigzag into them. The pleats just pack more of it into the frame.
HEPA filters don’t stop working below 0.3 µm. Around 0.3 µm is usually the most penetrating particle size (MPPS)—the “weak spot” that’s hardest to filter. Below that, diffusion (Brownian motion) becomes very effective, so HEPA can capture nanoparticles extremely well.