In March I tried to predict
$ELTX's AMPLIFY-7P readout with a Monte Carlo simulation. This obviously failed, the trial missed its primary DFS endpoint (HR 0.85).
Nevertheless, some of my assumptions were quite accurate. I estimated the median DFS in the observation arm to be between 16 and 22 months, and it reached 21.2 months, while the trial design assumed 7 months.
Now
@EileenMOReilly presented an interesting pre-specified subgroup analysis at ESMO in Madrid. It turns out that the vaccine (camupepimut) arm carried more ctDNA positive patients at baseline (20.8% vs. 12.5%), a factor that was associated with a roughly 6-fold higher recurrence risk.
Splitting by ctDNA status removes that imbalance and results in HRs of 0.51 and 0.57 for the ctDNA negative and ctDNA positive subgroups. So did the trial fail due to some kind of Simpson’s paradox from an unlucky randomization?
I would be cautious here. If we add up those subgroups we get to 119 patients while the study enrolled 144, meaning that 25 of 144 patients have no evaluable baseline ctDNA result and are left out.
Please correct me if I made a mistake, but as far as I can reconstruct it from the event counts, that is 14 vaccine patients with 9 events (64%) vs. 11 observation patients with 5 events (45%). So it seems that the share of patients that was dropped is the share where the vaccine did worse.
The subgroup p-values come from Wilcoxon tests, which weight early events, where the vaccine looks best, while the primary endpoint used the log-rank test.
The 95% confidence intervals of all three subgroup HRs include 1 (ctDNA negative 0.25 to 1.02, ctDNA positive 0.22 to 1.48, no prior radiation 0.33 to 1.03). The ctDNA positive HR rests on 6 observation patients who all had an event, with a median DFS of 1.9 months.
At least twelve subgroups were tested without multiplicity adjustment. Wouldn’t applying a Benjamini-Hochberg correction be more rigorous here?
Don’t get me wrong, I really like this off-the-shelf 7P KRAS vaccine approach and I really "want it to work". Looking at the results I am even tempted to say that camupepimut has some effect. But that does not change my view that camupepimut was probably not handled in the right way.
I think the cardinal mistake was to try camupepimut without a checkpoint inhibitor in the first place. The Nature Medicine paper itself blames the failure of checkpoint inhibitors in PDAC partly on the lack of tumor-specific T cells, which is exactly what an efficient vaccine would supply. In hindsight I cannot understand why such a vaccine was tested as a monotherapy in one of the hardest to treat cancers. Of course this is an easy critique after the fact.
This subgroup analysis does not change my mind, the primary readout was a weak signal that there is something at work (the post hoc R0 subgroup, HR 0.65), so nothing new here.
What I want is that the management changes course, stops this monotherapy approach and continues camupepimut in combination with checkpoint inhibition in the adjuvant setting, which the paper so far lists only as an option for phase 3.
So I would wish for a two-arm phase 3 in the adjuvant setting, camupepimut plus checkpoint inhibition vs. observation. Checkpoint inhibition alone has failed in PDAC, so observation is probably the right comparator. That readout would be years away (especially if the combination works).
$ELTX plans a phase 1 of camupepimut plus a RAS inhibitor, with or without anti-PD-1, in metastatic PDAC. The company cites a few complete responses in metastatic patients who received checkpoint inhibition after camupepimut as support, although these responses followed checkpoint inhibition and not a RAS inhibitor. An ORR readout could be a closer catalyst than an adjuvant phase 3, but RAS inhibitors already produce responses on their own, so an uncontrolled ORR may say little about what camupepimut adds.
Nevertheless, the cash runway is tight,
$ELTX needs to raise money which will likely substantially dilute shareholders.
Disclosure: I started a (very small) position in
$ELTX again, so I am long.
$ELTX has a very short financial runway, meaning the risk of total loss of principal is very high. This is not financial advice.
Do your own research. I compiled the data, facts and interpretations in this post to the best of my knowledge, but they may contain errors, and I give no guarantee of their accuracy.