🇵🇱🇪🇺 What is really happening in Poland? The fight for democracy continues!
An explanation for those outside Poland.
This is not an ordinary dispute between the government and the opposition. It is the consequence of years of undermining judicial independence and subordinating state institutions to the interests of a single political party.
We have seen similar mechanisms of political control over state institutions in Russia, Belarus and Hungary. Poland is now trying to repair the damage done to its democracy.
To understand just how much damage the nationalists from PiS (Law and Justice) have done to Poland, just look at these figures:
🇵🇱 Poland in global rankings - under PiS and after the change of government!
📊Rule of Law (World Justice Project)
Under PiS: down 15 places (21st > 36th)
New coalition: up 4 places (36th > 32nd)
📊Press Freedom (Reporters Without Borders)
Under PiS: down 39 places (18th > 57th)
New coalition: up 30 places (57th > 27th)
📊Liberal Democracy (V-Dem, LDI)
Under PiS: down 43 places (27th > 70th)
New coalition: up 34 places (70th > 36th)
⚖️The takeover of the Constitutional Tribunal
Poland's Constitutional Tribunal is one of the country's most important institutions. Its role is to determine whether laws passed by politicians comply with the Constitution. It can remove unconstitutional provisions from the legal system.
In 2015, PiS unlawfully filled three seats on the Tribunal that had already been legally filled by judges elected by the previous parliament.
It then introduced unlawful changes to the Tribunal's operating rules and began appointing PiS politicians as judges.
In practice, the ruling party gained influence over the very institution responsible for checking whether its own laws complied with the Constitution.
In December 2025, the CJEU (Court of Justice of the European Union) confirmed serious procedural violations and ruled that Poland's Constitutional Tribunal did not meet the standards of an independent and impartial court established by law.
The Tribunal began serving political interests
➡️ The Tribunal drastically restricted abortion rights.
➡️ It challenged the application of CJEU rulings concerning the independence of Polish courts.
➡️ It attempted to limit European oversight of the right to a fair trial in Poland.
➡️ It challenged the legal basis of parliamentary inquiry committees investigating the Pegasus scandal and the postal voting scandal.
🕵️What were these scandals about?
The Pegasus scandal involved Polish intelligence services illegally spying on opposition politicians, journalists, judges and civil society activists under PiS.
The postal voting scandal involved an attempt by the PiS government to organise presidential elections without an adequate legal basis.
⛓️Repression of independent judges
PiS did not stop at taking control of state institutions. It also created a disciplinary system used to put pressure on judges who defended judicial independence.
Disciplinary proceedings were launched against judges who refused to comply. Some were suspended from their duties, while others became targets of actions by prosecutors operating under the authority of Zbigniew Ziobro.
The disciplinary system introduced by PiS was challenged by the Court of Justice of the EU. For failing to comply with rulings concerning the Disciplinary Chamber, Poland was ordered to pay a penalty of €1 million per day.
📉The Constitutional Tribunal stopped functioning effectively
Before 2015, it issued an average of around 66 judgments per year. In 2022, it issued just 14.
Bogdan Święczkowski, a former close associate of Zbigniew Ziobro, became President of the Tribunal. Ziobro is the former justice minister who fled first to Orbán's Hungary and then to Trump's America to avoid facing the Polish justice system. He faces the prospect of a lengthy prison sentence.
Święczkowski himself stood for election on a PiS party list, served as deputy justice minister and later became National Prosecutor under the PiS government.
An institution that was supposed to protect citizens from abuses of political power became the centre of a rule-of-law crisis.
🚧 PiS loses power but retains the ability to block reforms
In 2023, after eight years of PiS rule, the parties that formed Donald Tusk's pro-European coalition won the parliamentary elections.
The new government began efforts to restore judicial independence and investigate wrongdoing committed under the previous administration.
However, in 2025, Karol Nawrocki, backed by PiS, became President of Poland. The Polish Constitution gives the president the power to veto legislation, and the current governing coalition does not have a sufficient parliamentary majority to override those vetoes.
As a result, despite losing control of parliament and government, PiS can still obstruct reforms through the president it supports.
Karol Nawrocki is blocking efforts to repair the state and putting Poland's security at risk.
By 15 October 2026, the president had exercised his veto power 48 times.
Among other things, he has blocked:
➡️ Reform of the National Council of the Judiciary, intended to reduce political influence over the appointment of judges.
➡️ Legislation concerning the European SAFE programme, through which Poland can receive €43.7 billion in defence financing.
➡️ The appointments and promotions of 46 judges.
➡️ Promotions of officers in the Internal Security Agency (ABW) and the Military Counterintelligence Service (SKW).
➡️ Promotions to general officer ranks in the Polish Armed Forces.
➡️ Appointments of Polish ambassadors.
➡️ The abolition and reorganisation of the Central Anti-Corruption Bureau (CBA), an agency used by PiS to spy on the opposition.
➡️ Legislation concerning the implementation of judgments by the European Court of Human Rights.
The Venice Commission, an international body of constitutional law experts, stated in October 2026 that the president should not delay administering oaths to duly elected judges without justification or assume powers that belong to parliament.
👨⚖️Criminal accountability for members of the former government is also at stake
The scale of investigations into alleged wrongdoing under PiS is enormous.
According to figures presented by Prime Minister Donald Tusk, 314 cases were being investigated as part of efforts to hold the previous government accountable. Charges had been brought in 152 cases, with 678 people named as suspects and a total of 1,598 charges brought against them.
Those suspected include former politicians, officials and other individuals connected to the PiS administration.
❗Why does this matter so much?
Through vetoes, disputes over appointments and other political obstruction, PiS and Karol Nawrocki are hindering efforts to repair the Polish state. This conflict therefore also affects the possibility of holding members of the previous government accountable for alleged crimes.
📢 Why have protests erupted now?
Constitutional Tribunal judge Anna Korwin-Piotrowska decided to suspend the Tribunal's President, Bogdan Święczkowski, from his duties for one month, accusing its leadership of obstructing the institution's functioning.
PiS politicians and right-wing groups responded by declaring that a coup d'état was taking place in Poland. They have made similar accusations several times before, whenever they were losing their positions of influence.
Protesters gathered outside the Tribunal, while President Nawrocki cut short his trip abroad and returned to Poland.
🇵🇱 One side is trying to repair the state, while the other is trying to escape the consequences of its actions during a period when Poland was moving towards authoritarianism.
In a democracy, politicians must be subject to the law not the law to politicians!